{"id":548,"date":"2014-03-03T11:28:08","date_gmt":"2014-03-03T05:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/?p=548"},"modified":"2018-05-21T15:14:36","modified_gmt":"2018-05-21T09:44:36","slug":"research-which-skills-result-in-increased-salarycareer-success","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/research\/research-which-skills-result-in-increased-salarycareer-success","title":{"rendered":"Research: Which skills result in increased salary\/career success"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LessWrong.com has an <a href=\"http:\/\/lesswrong.com\/lw\/jsp\/political_skills_which_increase_income\/\">interesting article about a study of what skills\/tactics correlate with higher salaries<\/a>. Specifically, the authors analyzed 200 studies of career success and their causes, and tried to figure out what skills have the highest correlation with higher salaries.<\/p>\n<p>According to the article, here is what results in highest chances of success:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Find managers (or other seniors) who will &#8220;sponsor&#8221; you (i.e. take an interest in advancing your career)<\/li>\n<li>Be politically savvy<\/li>\n<li>Convincing people with rational arguments works better than lying to them<\/li>\n<li>Flattery works (especially if the target does not realize you&#8217;re trying to flatter them; but even when the target realizes it)<\/li>\n<li>Act modest<\/li>\n<li>Avoid blatant self-promotion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here are some interesting excerpts which give interesting data-points and actual numbers from the study:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.psychologie.uni-mannheim.de\/cip\/tut\/seminare_wittmann\/meta_fribourg\/sources\/Meta_obj_subj.pdf\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: underline;\">Ng et al.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> performed a metastudy of over 200 individual studies of objective and subjective career success. Here are the variables they found best correlated with salary:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\">\n<table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse; width: 624px;\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"*\" \/>\n<col width=\"*\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Predictor<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Correlation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Political Knowledge &amp; Skills<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.29<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Education Level<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.29<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Cognitive Ability (as measured by standardized tests)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Age<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Training and Skill Development Opportunities<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Hours Worked<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Career Sponsorship<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.22<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(all significant at p = .05)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><br class=\"kix-line-break\" \/>(For reference, the \u201cBig 5\u201d personality traits all have a correlation under 0.12.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Before you get carried away, remember this:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Before we go on, a few caveats: while these correlations are significant and important, none are overwhelming (the authors cite <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Statistical-Analysis-Behavioral-Sciences-Edition\/dp\/0805802835\/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1380985089&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=Statistical+power+analysis+for+the+behavioral+sciences\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: underline;\">Cohen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> as saying the range 0.24-0.36 is \u201cmedium\u201d and correlations over 0.37 are \u201clarge\u201d). <\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This table gives an idea of which tactics work best for career success. Higher numbers are good. Lower numbers indicate that those tactics don&#8217;t really work. Negative numbers indicate that those tactics will actually hurt your chances.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Recently, <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.communicationcache.com\/uploads\/1\/0\/8\/8\/10887248\/influence_tactics_and_work_outcomes-_a_meta-analysis.pdf\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: underline;\">Higgins et al.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> reviewed 23 individual studies of these tactics and how they relate to career success. Their results:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\">\n<table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse; width: 624px;\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"*\" \/>\n<col width=\"110\" \/>\n<col width=\"306\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Tactic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Correlation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Definition (From Higgins et al.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Rationality<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Using data and information to make a logical argument supporting one&#8217;s request<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ingratiation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Using behaviors designed to increase the target&#8217;s liking of oneself or to make oneself appear friendly in order to get what one wants<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Upward Appeal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.05<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Relying on the chain of command, calling in superiors to help get one&#8217;s way<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Self-Promotion<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.01<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Attempting to create an appearance of competence or that you are capable <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">of completing a task<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Assertiveness<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-0.02<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Using a forceful manner to get what one wants<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Exchange<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-0.03<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Making an explicit offer to do something for another in exchange for their doing what <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">one wants<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">(Only ingratiation and rationality are significant.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.15;\">This site has a lot of information on how to make rational appeals, so I will focus on the less-talked-about ingratiation techniques.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>So, modesty is good, self-promotion is bad. Here are details of how to present yourself:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Self-presentation is split further:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\">\n<table style=\"border: none; border-collapse: collapse; width: 624px;\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"*\" \/>\n<col width=\"*\" \/>\n<col width=\"*\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Tactic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Weighted Effect Size<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Comment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Modesty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.77<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Apology<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.59<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Apologizing for poor performance<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Generic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">0.28<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\">When the participant is told in generic terms to improve their self-presentation<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Self-promotion<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-0.17<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Nonverbal behavior and name usage<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">-0.14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Nonverbal behavior includes things like wearing perfume. Name usage means referring to people by name instead of a pronoun.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>And finally some more details about flattery:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">If you are talking to your boss, your tactics should be different than if you\u2019re talking to a subordinate. Other-enhancement (flattery) is always the best tactic no matter who you\u2019re talking to, but when talking to superiors it\u2019s by far the best. When talking to those at similar levels to you, opinion conformity comes close to flattery, and the other techniques aren&#8217;t far behind.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.15; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Unsurprisingly, when the target realizes you\u2019re being ingratiating, the tactic is less effective. (Although effectiveness doesn\u2019t go to zero &#8211; even when people realize you\u2019re flattering them just to suck up, they generally still appreciate it.) Also, women are better at being ingratiating than men, and men are more influenced by these ingratiating tactics than women. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Read the <a href=\"http:\/\/lesswrong.com\/lw\/jsp\/political_skills_which_increase_income\/\">full article<\/a>, it has a bunch of interesting references that the motivated reader is urged to read.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LessWrong.com has an interesting article about a study of what skills\/tactics correlate with higher salaries. Specifically, the authors analyzed 200 studies of career success and their causes, and tried to figure out what skills have the highest correlation with higher salaries. According to the article, here is what results in highest chances of success: Find &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/research\/research-which-skills-result-in-increased-salarycareer-success\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Research: Which skills result in increased salary\/career success<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[63,18],"tags":[121,60,122,112,123,73],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/548"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=548"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":815,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/548\/revisions\/815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smritiweb.com\/navin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}